Streptococcus Pneumonia a hemolysis 1. Main biological features a. Cell shape, a
ID: 147356 • Letter: S
Question
Streptococcus Pneumonia a hemolysis
1. Main biological features
a. Cell shape, arrangement, Gram stain, endospores, capsule, unusual features.
2. Clinical Manifestations
a. List the diseases that are produced by this microorganism.
3. Mechanism of Disease
a. List of how the microorganism induces disease: Toxin, proteolysis, pyogenic, immunological mechanism or multiple mechanisms.
4. Transmission
a. How the microorganism is transmitted and who is at risk of acquiring the infection.
5. Prevention
a. List the most common prevention methods
b. Is there a vaccine?
6. Treatment
a. Is antimicrobial intervention necessary?
b. Have resistant strains been detected?
c. List the common methods of treatment (you don’t need to list drug names).
d. Prognosis – Mortality associated with the disease
Explanation / Answer
1- streptococcus pneumonia, or pneumococcus, is a gram-advantageous, alpha-hemolytic (below cardio conditions) or beta-hemolytic (underneath anaerobic situations), facultative anaerobic member of the genus Streptococcus. they are generally discovered in pairs (diplococci) and do not shape spores and are nonmotile. the encapsulated, gram-fine, coccoid microorganism has an extraordinary morphology on gram stain, lancet-fashioned diplococci. they've got a polysaccharide capsule that acts as a virulence factor for the organism; greater than ninety-one of a kind serotypes are known, and those kinds fluctuate in virulence, prevalence, and volume of drug resistance. the genome of s. pneumonia is a closed, round DNA shape that incorporates among 2.0 and a pair of of.1 million base pairs relying upon the pressure. it has a core set of 1553 genes, plus 154 genes in its virulome, which contribute to virulence and 176 genes that hold a noninvasive phenotype. genetic information can range up to 10% among traces.
2- This bacteria cause many types of diseases : pneumonia (infection of the lungs), ear infections, sinus infections, meningitis (infection of the covering around the brain and spinal cord), and bacteremia (blood stream infection).
3-
pneumococcal contamination is spread when an inflamed man or woman talks, coughs or sneezes small droplets containing infectious dealers into the air. the droplets inside the air can be breathed in with the aid of those nearby. contamination may be spread by using touch with palms, tissues and different articles soiled by using an infected nostril and throat discharges. pneumococcal infections are greater common at some point of the iciness and may be brought on by viral infections.
s. pneumoniae is part of the regular upper respiratory tract flowers. as with a whole lot of herbal flowers, it may become pathogenic under the right situations, normally while the immune system of the host is suppressed. invasions, consisting of pneumolysin, an antiphagocytic capsule, various adhesins, and immunogenic mobile wall additives are all fundamental virulence factors. after S. pneumoniae colonizes the air sacs of the lungs, the frame responds by means of stimulating the inflammatory response, causing plasma, blood, and white blood cells to fill the alveoli. this condition is referred to as pneumonia. it is prone to clindamycin.
4-
pneumococcal contamination is spread whilst an infected man or woman talks, coughs or sneezes small droplets containing infectious dealers into the air. the droplets in the air may be breathed in through the ones nearby. contamination may be spread by contact with hands, tissues and different articles dirty by using the inflamed nostril and throat discharges. pneumococcal infections are extra commonplace in the course of the winter and may be brought on via viral infections.
the pneumococcal sickness happens around the arena. tourists can be at higher danger if spending time in crowded settings or in close contact with youngsters in countries where the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine isn't always mechanically used. pneumococcal sickness is greater, not unusual in developing countries. the pneumococcal ailment is likewise extra not unusual for the duration of iciness and early spring but occurs year-round within the tropics. outbreaks of pneumococcal sickness are unusual in nations that have introduced the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, however, may additionally occur in certain conditions, including in nursing houses, childcare facilities, or other establishments.
positive human beings are more likely to come to be sick with the pneumococcal disease. this excessive-chance organization includes adults 65 years of age or older and youngsters more youthful than 2 years of age. people who've conditions that weaken the immune gadget, like diabetes, coronary heart ailment, lung disorder, and hiv/aids, or those who smoke cigarettes or have asthma are also at accelerated risk for purchasing pneumococcal sickness.
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the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (pcv13 or Prevnar thirteen) protects against the 13 styles of pneumococcal bacteria that motive most of the intense infection in youngsters and adults. the vaccine also can help save you a few ear infections. cdc recommends pcv13 for all kids at 2, four, 6, and 12 to fifteen months antique. cdc also recommends pcv13 for adults 19 years or older with certain medical conditions and for all adults sixty-five years or older.
the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (ppsv23 or Pneumovax 23) protects in opposition to 23 types of pneumococcal microorganism. CDC recommends this vaccine for all adults 65 years or older. it's also encouraged for kids and adults 2 thru 64 years vintage who are at expanded hazard for the pneumococcal ailment.
prone strains of pneumococcus need to be dealt with both a penicillin or a cephalosporin. patients allergic to penicillins or cephalosporins might also obtain a macrolide for remedy of nonserious infections or vancomycin for life-threatening infections. in all cases, physicians must be acquainted with the producer's commands, and tablets should be dose adjusted when appropriate for the affected person's renal characteristic, hepatic characteristic, and weight.
for sufferers with severe infections (eg, meningitis, endocarditis, sepsis) because of penicillin- and cephalosporin-resistant lines and who're not able to tolerate vancomycin or who fail to reply to vancomycin, options encompass remedy with a fluoroquinolone, linezolid, or quinupristin-dalfopristin. but, the experience is constrained regarding using those marketers to deal with critical pneumococcal infections. in such instances, consultation with an infectious ailment expert is cautioned.
6-
patients with endocarditis because of penicillin-inclined traces ought to be handled with excessive-dose penicillin g. infections with penicillin-intermediate or -resistant lines which can be cephalosporin-inclined can be handled the use of a cephalosporin at excessive doses, such as cefotaxime (2 g iv each 6-eight hours or ceftriaxone 2 g iv every 12 hours). traces which can be cephalosporin-resistant must be handled with vancomycin
practice hygiene and cleanliness:
wash your hands frequently.
if cleaning soap and water aren’t to be had, clean arms with hand sanitizer (containing at the least 60% alcohol).
don’t contact your eyes, nose, or mouth. if you need to touch your face, ensure your fingers are clean.
cowl your mouth and nostril with a tissue or your sleeve (not your palms) while coughing or sneezing.
try and avoid close contact, along with kissing, hugging, or sharing ingesting utensils or cups, with individuals who are sick.
the analysis is commonly made based totally on scientific suspicion in conjunction with a wonderful subculture from a sample from absolutely any location within the body. an ASO titer greater than 200 gadgets is vast. s. pneumonia is, in standard, optochin sensitive, even though optochin resistance has been observed.
the recent advances in next-technology sequencing and comparative genomics have enabled the improvement of strong and reliable molecular techniques for the detection and identity of s. pneumonia. for instance, the xisco gene was later described as a biomarker for PCR-based detection of s. pneumonia and differentiation from closely related species.
atromentin and leucoxene possess antibacterial activity, inhibiting the enzyme enoyl-acyl service protein reductase, (crucial for the biosynthesis of fatty acids) in s. pneumonia. optochin sensitivity in a lifestyle of Streptococcus pneumoniae.