Please help answer the questions below, thanks . What are the major regulators o
ID: 212436 • Letter: P
Question
Please help answer the questions below, thanks
. What are the major regulators of fatty acid oxidation? How is fatty acid oxidation regulated? » How does the localization of beta oxidation help in regulating this pathway? » How is fatty acid svnthesis regulated? How is it reciprocally regulated with beta oxidation? . What are ketone bodies? Under what conditions are they produced? » What is the normal role of ketone bodies? » Why are ketone bodies produced during starvation, and when someone suffers from diabetes? . What is the effect of having too many ketone bodies in the blood?Explanation / Answer
Answer 1
Starvation or long fasting conditions results in reduction of glucose levels in the blood, and fatty acid oxidation (also known as beta oxidation) is one of an important mechanism for providing energy to different tissues under fasting conditions.
Answer 2
Regulation of fatty acid oxidation occurs at multiple levels :
Answer 3 (Fatty acid synthesis regulation)
Fatty acid synthesis occurs in cytosol :
In fatty acid synthesis, Malonyl-CoA that forms after the carboxylation of acetyl-CoA, results in inhibition of carnitine palmitoyl transferase-1 which further inhibits the transfer of activated fatty acid chains into the mitochondria for oxidation. Hence fatty acid synthesis through malonyl-CoA inhibits fatty acid oxidation.
Answer 4
Acetyl-CoA that produced during fatty acid oxidation is either used by citric acid cycle or used in fatty acid synthesis. Excess of Acetyl-CoA accumulation leads to the formation of ketone bodies. Production of ketone bodies from acetyl-CoA molecules are known as ketogensis. -hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate and acetone are group of molecules called ketone bodies.
Ketone body formation occurs in matrix of liver mitochondria. Ketone bodies formation occurs in different conditions like prolonged starvation, fasting and uncontrolled diabetes.
Answer 5
Under prolonged starvation conditions ( i.e absence of adequate amount of glucose), several tissues like cardiac, skeletal muscle and brain uses ketone bodies as an energy source. Under normal conditions also,cardiac and skeletal muscles uses ketone bodies as an energy source.
Answer 6
During starvation and uncontrolled diabetic conditions, accumulation of acetyl-CoA accelerates the formation of ketone bodies. In mitochondria of liver, when acetyl CoA accumulates beyond its capacity to be oxidized by TCA cycle or used for fatty acid synthesis, causes the formation of ketone bodies.
Answer 7
The increased levels of ketone bodies in the blood, lowers the PH of blood and causing the condition known as acidosis. Lowering of PH triggers the kidney to produce very acidic urine.