Please DO NOT COPY from any website, this a simple discussion, Please Do NOT ans
ID: 3443416 • Letter: P
Question
Please DO NOT COPY from any website, this a simple discussion, Please Do NOT answer if you are not familiar with this discussion.
Discussion : Learning about Yourself and Others.
There are a lot of examples of "learning" discussed in Ch. 5 so why not share some of those you liked with other students?
there is a quizlet link of chapter 5 for those who doesn't have access to book. there is example of learning style.
https://quizlet.com/225759747/discovering-psychology-7th-edition-hockenbury-chapter-5-vocabulary-flash-cards/
Here are a couple of quick videos to help you get started to think about these issues.
lengh of video Just 1:22
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0asusjaYpe4
lengh of video 3:30
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ENidblhm1M8&feature=youtu.be
lengh of video 2:18
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A2wYLo0nET4
Explanation / Answer
Learning
Definition of learninig: A relatively permanent change in behaviour caused due to experience or practice.
There are 3 main features of learning
1. Learning always involve some kind of experience
2. Behavioural changes that occur due to learning are relatively permanent
3. learning is an inferred process and is different from performance
Learning takes place in many ways. The simplest kind of learning is called "Conditioning"
2 types of conditioning has been identified
1. Classical Conditioning
2. Operant Conditioning
Classical Conditioning: It is a basic learning process that involves repeatedly pairing a neutral stimulus with a response-producing stimulus until the neutral stimulus elicits the same response.
Examples of classical conditioning abound in everyday life: In the early stages of childhood, one is naturally afraid of any loud noise. Suppose a small child catches an inflated balloon which bursts in her/his hands making a loud noise. The child becomes afraid. Now the next time s/he is made to hold a balloon, it becomes a signal or cue for noise and elicits fear response. This happens because of contiguous presentation of balloon as a conditioned stimulus (CS) and loud noise as an unconditioned stimulus (US).
Operant / Instrumental Conditioning: Operant or instrumental conditioning is a form of learning in which behaviour is learned, maintained or changed through its consequences.
Examples of classical conditioning abound in everyday life: Children learn to be polite and say ‘please’ to get favours from their parents and others.
Deteriminants of Operant / Instrumental Conditioning
1. Reinforcers: A reinforcer is defined as any stimulus or event, which increases the probability of the occurrence of a (desired) response.
Types of Reinforcement
a) Positive Reinforcement: Positive reinforcement involves stimuli that have pleasant consequences. They strengthen and maintain the responses that have caused them to occur. Positive reinforcers satisfy needs, which include food, water, medals, praise, money, status, information, etc
For ex. Everytime the dayghter does her homework, she is given a chocolate by her mother thus reinforcing her behaviour to do her homework on time
b) Negative Reinforcement: Responses that lead people to get rid of painful stimuli or avoid and escape from them provide negative reinforcement. Thus, negative reinforcement leads to learning of avoidance and escape responses.
For ex. One learns to put on woollen clothes, burn firewood or use electric heaters to avoid the unpleasant cold weather. One learns to move away from dangerous stimuli because they provide negative reinforcement.
2. Observational learning: learning that occurs by observation is called Observation learning
For ex. Fashion designers employ tall, pretty, and gracious young girls and tall, smart, and well-built young boys for popularising clothes of different designs and fabrics. People observe them on televised fashion shows and advertisements in magazines and newspapers. They imitate these models in their day to day lives.
In observational learning observers acquire knowledge by observing the model’s behaviour, but performance is influenced by model’s behaviour being rewarded or punished.
For ex. After witnessing an older sibling being punished for taking a cookie without asking, the younger child does not take cookies without permission
These are some of the ways of learning that we incorporate in our day to day lives.