Study Guide Exam 1 Pathophysiology Understand how cells adapt to threats and dem
ID: 3518921 • Letter: S
Question
Study Guide Exam 1 Pathophysiology Understand how cells adapt to threats and demands, what are those adaptations called? How do you know that the cells have adapted, as a nurse? Know what inflammation is, how you would recognize it, and the pathophysiology behind it Differentiate mediators of inflammation. Differentiate staging and grading of cancers. What do each involve? Understand how cancer spreads Understand the fight or flight system Differentiate between different types of infection that we have talked about in lecture, (MRSA, Pneumonia, Influenza, Nosocomial, opportunistic) Understand the stages of disease Differentiate between adaptive and innate immunity Understand what each immunoglobulin is and what it is responsible for Understand tests for flu and tb Differentiate between anaplasia, hyperplasia, metaplasia, and dysplasia Understand the chemical mediators responsible for pain Differentiate between neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes, and basophils Differentiate between local and systemic inflammation Differentiate between passive and active acquired immunity Define where antibodies are produced Differentiate each type of hypersensitivity reaction (1-4) Differentiate between autoimmunity and alloimmunity What are risk factors for mercury poisoning? What are risk factors for lead poisoning? What is the pathophysiology of frostbite? Understand the 4 types of cellular injury that can occur and why. Know the 2 different types of inflammation, local and peripheral, and examples of each. Understand the different effusions that can happen with cancer and how you would know where in the body the cancer is from based on the effusion. What are the tests that Professor Heine talked about during the cancer lecture that the nurse can use to help diagnose and what are each testing for specifically? Understand the hormones that regulate hunger. There are different types of stress, which one is good for you? What can you do as a nurse to help ease someone who is feeling anxiety and stress? Understand the different types of immunity and how the complement system effects them. Who are at the most risk for alterations in immunity? Study Guide Exam 1 Pathophysiology Understand how cells adapt to threats and demands, what are those adaptations called? How do you know that the cells have adapted, as a nurse? Know what inflammation is, how you would recognize it, and the pathophysiology behind it Differentiate mediators of inflammation. Differentiate staging and grading of cancers. What do each involve? Understand how cancer spreads Understand the fight or flight system Differentiate between different types of infection that we have talked about in lecture, (MRSA, Pneumonia, Influenza, Nosocomial, opportunistic) Understand the stages of disease Differentiate between adaptive and innate immunity Understand what each immunoglobulin is and what it is responsible for Understand tests for flu and tb Differentiate between anaplasia, hyperplasia, metaplasia, and dysplasia Understand the chemical mediators responsible for pain Differentiate between neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes, and basophils Differentiate between local and systemic inflammation Differentiate between passive and active acquired immunity Define where antibodies are produced Differentiate each type of hypersensitivity reaction (1-4) Differentiate between autoimmunity and alloimmunity What are risk factors for mercury poisoning? What are risk factors for lead poisoning? What is the pathophysiology of frostbite? Understand the 4 types of cellular injury that can occur and why. Know the 2 different types of inflammation, local and peripheral, and examples of each. Understand the different effusions that can happen with cancer and how you would know where in the body the cancer is from based on the effusion. What are the tests that Professor Heine talked about during the cancer lecture that the nurse can use to help diagnose and what are each testing for specifically? Understand the hormones that regulate hunger. There are different types of stress, which one is good for you? What can you do as a nurse to help ease someone who is feeling anxiety and stress? Understand the different types of immunity and how the complement system effects them. Who are at the most risk for alterations in immunity? Understand how cells adapt to threats and demands, what are those adaptations called? How do you know that the cells have adapted, as a nurse? Know what inflammation is, how you would recognize it, and the pathophysiology behind it Differentiate mediators of inflammation. Differentiate staging and grading of cancers. What do each involve? Understand how cancer spreads Understand the fight or flight system Differentiate between different types of infection that we have talked about in lecture, (MRSA, Pneumonia, Influenza, Nosocomial, opportunistic) Understand the stages of disease Differentiate between adaptive and innate immunity Understand what each immunoglobulin is and what it is responsible for Understand tests for flu and tb Differentiate between anaplasia, hyperplasia, metaplasia, and dysplasia Understand the chemical mediators responsible for pain Differentiate between neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes, and basophils Differentiate between local and systemic inflammation Differentiate between passive and active acquired immunity Define where antibodies are produced Differentiate each type of hypersensitivity reaction (1-4) Differentiate between autoimmunity and alloimmunity What are risk factors for mercury poisoning? What are risk factors for lead poisoning? What is the pathophysiology of frostbite? Understand the 4 types of cellular injury that can occur and why. Know the 2 different types of inflammation, local and peripheral, and examples of each. Understand the different effusions that can happen with cancer and how you would know where in the body the cancer is from based on the effusion. What are the tests that Professor Heine talked about during the cancer lecture that the nurse can use to help diagnose and what are each testing for specifically? Understand the hormones that regulate hunger. There are different types of stress, which one is good for you? What can you do as a nurse to help ease someone who is feeling anxiety and stress? Understand the different types of immunity and how the complement system effects them. Who are at the most risk for alterations in immunity?
Explanation / Answer
Cells able to adapt to increase work demands or threats to survival by changing their size, number, form. These are called cellular adaptations. Normal cellular adaptation occurs in response to an appropriate stimulus and ceases once the need for adaptation has ended.
The adaptation may be physiological or pathological. Adaptations include atrophy, hyper trophy, hyperplasia, dysplasia, metaplasia. If any of these occur, adaptation is done.
The reaction of vascularized tissue to local injury is called inflammation. Process of inflammation include Vasodilation: leads to greater blood flow to the area of inflammation, resulting in redness and heat, Vascular permeability: endothelial cells become "leaky" from either direct endothelial cell injury or via chemical mediators, Exudation: fluid, proteins, red blood cells, and white blood cells escape from the intravascular space as a result of increased osmotic pressure extravascularly and increased hydrostatic pressure intravascularly, Vascular stasis: slowing of the blood in the bloodstream with vasodilation and fluid exudation to allow chemical mediators and inflammatory cells to collect and respond to the stimulus.
An inflammatory mediator is a messenger that acts on blood vessels and/or cells to promote an inflammatory response. Inflammatory mediators include plasma derived mediators such as bradykinin, C3, C5a, have an factor, thrombin, plasmin, cell derived mediators such as prostaglandins, inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1?, TNF-?, IL-6 and IL-15 and chemokines such as IL-8 and GRO-alpha, histamine, nitric oxide, lysosome granules, tryptase.