Study Guide for Respiratory System These topics are in random order, and also do
ID: 3521641 • Letter: S
Question
Study Guide for Respiratory System These topics are in random order, and also do not include absolutely everything you need to know. 1. What are the pleura and the peritoneum? What do visceral and parietal layers refer to? 2. Describe what happens with the diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles during inspiration and expiration. 3. What is the term for labored breathing? 4. What is COPD and what conditions are under its umbrella? What happens to the lung tissues in these conditions? What are "blue bloaters and 'pink puffers?" 5. What is surfactant and what is its function? 6. How is oxygen transported in the blood? 7. How is the majority of carbon dioxide carried in the blood? 8. What is the transport mechanism of gas exchange across all cell membranes of the lungs and tissues (internal and external respiration)? 9. Explain the mechanism of pulmonary ventilation (breathing). Be sure to include volume changes and gas pressure changes during inspiration and expiration 10. Define tidal volume, vital capacity, inspiratory reserve volume, and expiratory reserve volume. How are these lung volumes related?Explanation / Answer
Q1. Answer) The pleura and peritoneum are membranes that encloses major organs of the body. The Pleura are membranes of the thoracic cavity. There are two types of pleura, one is parietal and the other is visceral. The parietal pleura lines the inner surface of the thoracic cavity and ribcage. The visceral pleura lines the lungs. The pleura secrete a fluid that fills the pleural space between the lungs and ribcage and this fluid helps in friction reduction which is created by the movement of the lungs during the processes of inhalation and exhalation. Similarly, the peritoneum also consists of two types, one is parietal peritoneum which lines the inner walls of the abdominal cavities and pelvic cavities, and the second is visceral peritoneum which lines the digestive organs. The peritoneum secerets a fluid that helps in lubricating the inner organs of the cavities, while as the visceral peritoneum helps to support the organs.
Q2. Answer) During inspiration, we reathe in, or inhale, our diaphragm contracts and moves downward. This increases the space in our chest cavity, into which our lungs expand. The intercostal muscles between our ribs also help enlarge the chest cavity. They contract to pull our rib cage both upward and outward when we inhale. Similarly, during expiration, we breathe out, or exhale, our diaphragm relaxes and moves upward into the chest cavity. The intercostal muscles between the ribs also relax to reduce the space in the chest cavity.
Q3. Answer) As far as the labored breathing is concerned, it is an abnormal respiration that is characterized by evidence of increased effort to breathe, including the use of accessory muscles (sternocleidomastoid and the scalene muscles) of respiration, nasal flaring, unpleasent noise, the snorting sound.
Q4. Answer) Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is an umbrella term used to describe advanced or increasing lung diseases including chronic bronchitis, emphysema etc. This disease is characterized by increasing breathlessness. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease is a increasing and currently incurable disease, but with the right diagnosis and treatment, at the right time there are many things one can do to manage his/her COPD and breathe better. One can live for many years with COPD and enjoy life. The COPD damage to the lung tissue, the tissue damage in the lungs leads to poor ability of lungs to expand, elasticity.
Blue bloaters also calld as chronic bronchitis are characterized by chronic productive cough, likely to be heavy (obese) and cyanotic and develop hypercapnia earlier and my develop oedema and secondary polychythaemia. Similarly, Pink puffers also called as emphysema is characerized by chronic cough are typically thin and breathless and maintain a normal PaCO2 at rest untill the late stage of the disease, having prominent use of accessory muscles,