Can someone please help with question 12? it has a-e, and I have to explain all
ID: 82515 • Letter: C
Question
Can someone please help with question 12? it has a-e, and I have to explain all in short answer format. Thank you!!!
12. A. List the components of the respiratory tract. B. Describe the response by the respiratory system to increased pH and decreased pH and how the levels of carbon dioxide and oxygen vary with changes in pH. C. Using partial pressures, describe the movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs and the tissues. D. Describe the oxygen dissocation curve for hemoglobin. Provide the % O2 saturation at PO2 of 40, 70 and 100. E. Discuss the effects of pH and temperatures changes on the curve.
Explanation / Answer
A- There are 3 major parts of the respiratory system: the airway, the lungs, and the muscles of respiration. The airway, which includes the nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles, carries air between the lungs and the body’s exterior. Lungs act as the functional units of the respiratory system by passing oxygen into the body and carbon dioxide out of the body. Finally, the muscles of respiration, including the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, work together to act as a pump, pushing air into and out of the lungs during breathing.
B- When blood pH becomes too low ( acidic), lungs will breath more deeply and rapidly. Excreting more carbon di oxide, more CO2 results in acidosis due to over production of carbonic acid. It stimulates the breathing and decrease amount of O2 in the blood. Hyperventilating results in deep and rapid breathing that will target pH to an equillibrium by making it more alkaline (basic) pH. In this way blood maintains the pH through respiratory system.
C- The change in partial pressure from the alveoli (high concentration) to the capillaries (low concentration) drives the oxygen into the tissue and the carbon dioxide into the blood (high concentration) from the tissues (low concentration), which is then returned to the lungs and exhaled. Once in the blood of the capillaries, the O2 binds to the hemoglobin in red blood cells which carry it to the tissues where it dissociates to enter the cells of the tissues. The lungs never fully deflate, so air that is inhaled mixes with the residual air left from the previous respiration, resulting in a lower partial pressure of oxygen within the alveoli. In the lungs, oxygen diffuses out of the alveoli and into the capillaries surrounding the alveoli. Oxygen (about 98 percent) binds reversibly to the respiratory pigment hemoglobin found in red blood cells. These red blood cells carry oxygen to the tissues where oxygen dissociates from the hemoglobin, diffusing into the cells of the tissues. More specifically, alveolar PO2 is higher in the alveoli (PO2=100mmHg) than blood PO2 in the capillaries (40mmHg). Since this pressure gradient exists, oxygen can diffuse down its pressure gradient, moving out of the alveoli and entering the blood of the capillaries where O2 binds to hemoglobin. At the same time, alveolar PCO2 is lower ( PCO2=40mmHg) than blood PCO2 (45mmHg). Due to this gradient, CO2 diffuses down its pressure gradient, moving out of the capillaries and entering the alveoli.
D- The relationship between oxygen levels and hemoglobin saturation is indicated by the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation (saturation) curve. The Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation curve shows how blood carries oxygen through the body.Certain conditions cause hemoglobin to release more oxygen into the bloodstream, shifting the curve to the right; certain conditions cause hemoglobin to pick up more oxygen from the bloodstream, shifting the curve to the left. Both of these conditions will have a direct affect on oxygen saturation and partial pressure of oxygen (PO2).
Shift to the right: The curve shifts to the right when hemoglobin has a decreased affinity for oxygen, and has a "harder" time making the bond with oxygen. This decreases hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen, causing it to un-bond with hemoglobin and enter tissues.
Shift to the left: The curve shifts to the left when hemoglobin has an increased affinity for oxygen, and has an "easier" time making the bond with oxygen.
E- when a skeletal muscle starts contracting, the cells in that muscle use more oxygen, make more ATP, & produce more waste products (CO2). Making more ATP means releasing more heat; so the temperature in active tissues increases. More CO2 translates into a lower pH. more hydrogen ions = a lower (more acidic) pH. So, in active tissues, there are higher levels of CO2, a lower pH, and higher temperatures. Shift to right curve- Temperature and CO2 increases and pH decreases. Shift to left- pH increases and Co2, temperature decreases.