Please answer all these questions fully and explain » How is fatty acid used dif

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Please answer all these questions fully and explain

» How is fatty acid used differently in muscle and adipose tissue? » Under what conditions are triacylglycerols mobilized in adipose tissue? How does this occur? » How do hormones epinephrine and glucagon regulate fatty acd and glycerol release? . What is the carnitine shuttle? Why and where does it occur? Describe the process of beta oxidation of saturated fatty acids. » What is the purpose of beta oxidation of saturated fatty acids? Compare and contrast oxidation of saturated fatty acids with that of unsaturated fatty acid polyunsaturated (as compared to saturated fatty acid)? beta oxidation of fatty acids? » What are the extra steps required for monounsaturated and . How is beta oxidation linked to TCA? What are the energetics of

Explanation / Answer

Ans.1 In adipose tissue the fatty acid are stored as triglycerides which can be hydrolysed in a regulated way to release the fatty acids. In case of muscles the fatty acids functions as a substrate for oxidation. Hence both these functions in a unique way for lipid metabolism.

Ans. 2 The triglycerols are stored as lipid droplets in adipose tissue. Whenever there is requirement of metabolic energy due to low glucose the mobilization of triglycerol from adipose tissue occurs. It is triggered by the release of epinephrine and glucagon which inturn triggers the adenyl cyclase system leading to the formation of CAMP. Increased level of CAMP would lead to phosphorylation of perilipins. The phosphorylated perilipins would lead to the movement of lipase enzyme and thus hydrolysing the triglycerols stored as lipid droplets thus releasing the free fatty acid which would serve as energy resource in absence of glucose.

Ans. 3 The hormones epinephrine and glucagon regulate fatty acid and glycerol by stimulating the CAMP system. Increased level of CAMP would lead to phosphorylation of perilipins. The phosphorylated perilipins would lead to the movement of lipase enzyme and thus hydrolysing the triglycerols stored as lipid droplets thus releasing the free fatty acid which would serve as energy resource in absence of glucose.

Ans. 4 The carnitine shuttle is the transfer of long chain fatty acids across the barrier of inner mitochondrial membrane in order to gain access to the enzymes for beta oxidation. It occurs in the inner mitochondrial matrix as it concerned with the process of oxidation. It is concerned with the oxidation of fatty acids and serves as a source of energy in Krebs cycle.

Ans. 5

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